"That" Functions

"That" Functions

1. As a Demonstrative Adjective
That official is wrong
We cannot see the solution of that situation

2. As a Demonstrative Pronoun (subject- object)
That is true (Subject)
We don't understand that (subject)

3. As a Relative Pronoun
The man that I saw yesterday is here again (Defining relative clause)
The man, that I saw yesterday, is here again( Non-defining relative clause)

4. As a Conjunction
The Delegate affirms that the situation can be solved.
The President clearly states that the reasons for a new policy are economic, political and social

United States of America's National Anthem

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies. Here is an example:

• The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

• relates to "The person", which "who phoned me last night" modifies
• introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*

Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whoseis for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for things andpeople only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural, and there is no difference between male and female

Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

	example sentences S=subject, O=object, P=possessive		notes
defining relative clauses	S	- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. - The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.	That is preferable
		- The car which hit me was yellow. - The car that hit me was yellow.	That is preferable
	O	- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. - The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher.	Whom is correct but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.
		- The car which I drive is old. - The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old.	That is preferable towhich. The relative pronoun is optional.
	P	- The student whosephone just rang should stand up. - Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
		- The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked. - The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.	Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.
non-defining relative clauses	S	- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
		- The car, which was a taxi, exploded. - The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
	O	- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. - Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.	Whom is correct but formal. Who is common in spoken English and informal written English.
		- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.
	P	- My brother, whosephone you just heard, is a doctor.
		- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed. - The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.	Whose can be used with things. Of which is also possible.

*Not all grammar sources count "that" as a relative pronoun.
**Some people claim that we cannot use "that" for people but must use "who/whom". There is no good reason for such a claim; there is a long history of "that" for people in defining relative clauses from Chaucer, Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of The Bible to Fowler's and Churchill.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-relative.htm

Demonstrative Pronouns

What are Demonstrative Pronouns?

Demonstrative pronouns are those that identify or point to a thing or things and occasionally persons.

They can be both singular and plural and they refer to nouns that are either nearby or far away in time or space. What does that mean exactly?

First of all, there are only four demonstrative pronouns – this, that, these, those. This and thatrefer to singular nouns and these and those identify plural nouns.

The singular this and the plural these refer to a person or thing near the speaker.

The singular that and the plural those refer to a person or thing far away from the speaker.

Let’s look at some examples to get a clearer picture of this.

Examples of Demonstrative Pronouns

This is ridiculous. (This refers to an object or event close to the speaker.)

That is ridiculous. (That refers to an object or event farther away in space or time.)

These are ridiculous. (These refer to objects close to the speaker.)

Those are ridiculous. (Those refer to objects farther away in space and time.)

More examples

I really like this.
This smells heavenly.

That costs way too much money.

I heard that.

These look perfect.

I’ll buy these.

Those belong over there.

I own those.

These are nicer than those.

Is this yours?

Did you see that?

That is one way to do it.

Is that right?

That is incorrect.

Demonstrative Pronouns vs Demonstrative Adjectives

Sometimes people tend to confuse demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives. After all, the words are identical. The difference is that a demonstrative pronoun can stand alone. A demonstrative adjective will always qualify a noun. Here are some examples:

I wanted that. (Here that is used as a demonstrative pronoun that stands alone.)

That cake tastes awesome. (In this case that is used as a demonstrative adjective that qualifies the noun cake.)

In some cases demonstrative pronouns can refer to people if the person is identified.

Is that Jim?
This is Jack speaking.

Remember, when using demonstrative pronouns they do not qualify a noun. They stand alone. Other points to remember are this and that are singular and refer to something near to the speaker in time and place. These and those are plural referring to things farther away in time and space. Learning these simple rules will help you use demonstrative pronouns correctly.

http://www.k12reader.com/demonstrative-pronouns/

Possesive Pronouns

A possessive pronoun is a part of speech that attributes ownership to someone or something. Like any other pronoun, it substitutes a noun phrase and can prevent its repetition. For example, in the phrase, "These glasses are mine, not yours", the words "mine" and "yours" are possessive pronouns and stand for "my glasses" and "your glasses," respectively.

Examples

This is our house. It's ours.
This is my bedroom. It's mine.
This is my brother's bike. It's his.

Subject Pronouns		I	you	he	she	it	we	you	they
Possessive	Adjectives	my	your	his	her	its	our	your	their
	Pronouns	mine	yours	his	hers	its	ours	yours	theirs

The words "mine, yours, his, hers, its , ours, theirs" are possessive pronouns. They show who or what something belongs to.

Note

1. A possessive pronoun differs from a possessive adjective. 
Examples:

• What color is your brother's jacket?
  His jacket is black.
  (your and his are possessive adjectives; your and his modify the noun jacket in both examples)
• What color is yours?
  Mine is blue.
  (yours and mine are possessive pronouns - yours functions as a subject complement in the first example; minefunctions as a subject in the second example)

2. "It's" is not a possessive pronoun or adjective; it is a contraction of it is or it has.

Example:

• It's not my book = it is not my book
• It's got five bedrooms = it has got five bedrooms.

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-possessive-pronouns.php#.U85lDON5OyY

Object Pronouns

What are object pronouns?

An object pronoun, also called objective pronoun, functions as the object of a verb or preposition, as distinguished from a subject or subjective pronoun, which is the subject of a verb.
Examples:

• He begged her to live with him. (her is the object of the verb begged and him is the object of the preposition with)
• She told them the truth. (them is the object of the verb told)

Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns,  usually because we already know what the object is.

• She's my friend. I really enjoy being with her.
• I like this film. I saw it last week.

Object Pronouns

Object pronouns in English are the following:

me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Object pronouns come after either a verb (e.g "like") or a preposition (e.g "to").
Examples:

• I like you but you don't like me.
• Do you really hate her?
• She loves sitting next to him.
• She always writes e-mails to us.
• He's talking to her about it

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-object-pronouns.php

Last Class Review

Subject pronouns	Possessive adjectives	Possessive pronouns	Reflexive pronouns	Object pronouns
I	my	mine	myself	me
you	your	yours	yourself	you
he	his	his	himself	him
she	her	hers	herself	her
it	its	its	itself	it
we	our	ours	ourselves	us
you	your	yours	yourselves	you
they	their	theirs	themselves	them

Please, do not forget this!

Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:

• number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
• person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg:he)
• gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
• case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)

We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost always use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am talking direct to you, I almost always use "you", not your name. When I am talking about another person, say John, I may start with "John" but then use "he" or "him". And so on.

Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:

number	person	gender	personal pronouns
			subject	object
singular	1st	male/female	I	me
	2nd	male/female	you	you
	3rd	male	he	him
		female	she	her
		neuter	it	it
plural	1st	male/female	we	us
	2nd	male/female	you	you
	3rd	male/female/neuter	they	them

Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the second an object pronoun):

• I like coffee.
• John helped me.
  
• Do you like coffee?
• John loves you.
  
• He runs fast.
• Did Ram beat him?
  
• She is clever.
• Does Mary know her?
  
• It doesn't work.
• Can the engineer repair it?
  
• We went home.
• Anthony drove us.
  
• Do you need a table for three?
• Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
  
• They played doubles.
• John and Mary beat them.

When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it. However, there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships (and some other vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often treated as female and referred to as she/her. Here are some examples:

• This is our dog Rusty. He's an Alsatian.
• The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage.
• My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife.
• Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia.

For a single person, sometimes we don't know whether to use he or she. There are several solutions to this:

• If a teacher needs help, he or she should see the principal.
• If a teacher needs help, he should see the principal.
• If a teacher needs help, they should see the principal.

We often use it to introduce a remark:

• It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.
• It is important to dress well.
• It's difficult to find a job.
• Is it normal to see them together?
• It didn't take long to walk here.

We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance:

• It's raining.
• It will probably be hot tomorrow.
• Is it nine o'clock yet?
• It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge.

Quantifiers

We use quantifiers when we want to give someone information about the number of something: how much or how many.

Sometimes we use a quantifier in the place of a determiner:

Most children start school at the age of five.
We ate some bread and butter.
We saw lots of birds.

We use these quantifiers with both count and uncount nouns:

all	any	enough	less	a lot of	lots of
more	most	no	none of	some

and some more colloquial forms:

plenty of

heaps of

a load of

loads of

tons of

etc.

Some quantifiers can be used only with count nouns:

both

each

either

(a) few

fewer

neither

several

and some more colloquial forms:

a couple of

hundreds of

thousands of

etc.

 Some quantifiers can be used only with uncount nouns:

a little

(not) much

a bit of

And, particularly with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, etc:, we often use:

a great deal of

a good deal of

Members of groups

You can put a noun after a quantifier when you are talking about members of a group in general…

Few snakes are dangerous.
Both brothers work with their father.
I never have enough money.

…but if you are talking about a specific group of people or things, use of the … as well

Few of the snakes are dangerous.
All of the children live at home.
He has spent all of his money.

Note that, if we are talking about two people or things we use the quantifiers both, either and neither:

One supermarket	Two supermarkets*	More than two supermarkets
The supermarket was closed The supermarket wasn't open I don’t think the supermarket was open.	Both the supermarkets were closed. Neither of the supermarkets was open. I don’t think either of the supermarkets was open.	All the supermarkets were closed None of the supermarkets were open I don't think any of the supermarkets were open

*Nouns with either and neither have a singular verb.

Singular quantifiers:

We use every or each with a singular noun to mean all:

There was a party in every street.	=	There were parties in all the streets.
Every shop was decorated with flowers.	=	All the shops were decorated with flowers.
Each child was given a prize.	=	All the children were given a prize.
There was a prize in each competition.	=	There were prizes in all the competitions.

We often use every to talk about times like days, weeks and years:

When we were children we had holidays at our grandmother’s every year.
When we stayed at my grandmother’s house we went to the beach every day.
We visit our daughter every Christmas.

BUT: We do not use a determiner with every and each. We do not say:

The every shop was decorated with flowers.
The each child was given a prize.

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/english-grammar/determiners-and-quantifiers/quantifiers

Indefinite Adjectives, Using Some and Any.

What Are Indefinite Adjectives? 

An indefinite adjective  is used to describe a noun in a non-specific sense. The most common indefinite adjectives are: any, each, few, many, much, most, several, and some. They are often used to describe a noun to show an element of uncertainty. Indefinite adjectives should not be confused with indefinite pronouns. Indefinite adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Indefinite pronouns are standalone pronouns. For example: We are all born with genius, but most of us only keep it for a few minutes. (In this example, most is an indefinite pronoun, and few is an indefinite adjective. It modifies minutes.) However many holy words you read, however many you speak, what good will they do you if you do not act on upon them? (Buddha) (In this example, only the first many is an indefinite adjective. (It modifies holy words.) The second many is an indefinite pronoun.) Examples of Indefinite Adjectives Here are some examples of indefinite adjectives: There are several people in the safe room. (This is an indefinite adjective. It modifies the noun people.) There are several in the safe room. (This is an indefinite pronoun. It stands alone. It does not modify a noun.) I have seen some cartridges in the cupboard. (This is an indefinite adjective. It modifies the noun cartridges.) I have seen some in the cupboard. (indefinite pronoun) There are only a few deer left (This is an indefinite adjective. It modifies the noun deer.) There are only a few left. (indefinite pronoun) More Examples of Indefinite Adjectives Here are some indefinite adjectives that feature in witty quotes: Everyone is born with genius, but most people only keep it a few minutes. (Edgard Varese, 1883-1965) Many people would sooner die than think; In fact, they do so. (Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970) I bought some batteries, but they weren't included. (Steven Wright)

Read more at http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/indefinite_adjectives.htm#BayG661vfJf3jFoz.99

American Pie - Don McLean

AMERICAN PIE

DON MCLEAN

[Intro]
A long, long time ago
I can still remember how that music used to make me smile
And I knew if I had my chance
That I could make those people dance
And maybe they'd be happy for a while

But February made me shiver
With every paper I'd deliver
Bad news on the doorstep
I couldn't take one more step

I can't remember if I cried
When I read about his widowed bride
But something touched me deep inside
The day the music died

[Chorus]
So bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry
And them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin' "This'll be the day that I die
This'll be the day that I die"

[Verse 1]
Did you write the book of love
And do you have faith in God above
If the Bible tells you so?
Now do you believe in rock and roll
Can music save your mortal soul
And can you teach me how to dance real slow?

Well, I know that you're in love with him
'Cause I saw you dancin' in the gym
You both kicked off your shoes
Man, I dig those rhythm and blues

I was a lonely teenage broncin' buck
With a pink carnation and a pickup truck
But I knew I was out of luck
The day the music died

[Chorus]
I started singin' bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin' "This'll be the day that I die
This'll be the day that I die"

[Verse 2]
Now for ten years we've been on our own
And moss grows fat on a rollin' stone
But that's not how it used to be
When the jester sang for the king and queen
In a coat he borrowed from James Dean
And a voice that came from you and me

Oh, and while the king was looking down
The jester stole his thorny crown
The courtroom was adjourned
No verdict was returned

And while Lenin read a book on Marx
A quartet practiced in the park
And we sang dirges in the dark
The day the music died

[Chorus]
We were singin' bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry 
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin' "This'll be the day that I die
This'll be the day that I die"

[Verse 3]
Helter skelter in a summer swelter
The birds flew off with a fallout shelter
Eight miles high and falling fast
It landed foul on the grass
The players tried for a forward pass
With the jester on the sidelines in a cast

Now the halftime air was sweet perfume
While the sergeants played a marching tune
We all got up to dance
Oh, but we never got the chance

'Cause the players tried to take the field
The marching band refused to yield
Do you recall what was revealed
The day the music died?

[Chorus]
We started singin' bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin' "This'll be the day that I die
This'll be the day that I die"

[Verse 4]
Oh, and there we were all in one place
A generation lost in space
With no time left to start again
So come on, Jack be nimble, Jack be quick
Jack Flash sat on a candlestick
'Cause fire is the devil's only friend

Oh, and as I watched him on the stage
My hands were clenched in fists of rage
No angel born in Hell
Could break that Satan's spell

And as the flames climbed high into the night
To light the sacrificial rite
I saw Satan laughing with delight
The day the music died

He was singin' bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin' "This'll be the day that I die
This'll be the day that I die"

[Outro]
I met a girl who sang the blues
And I asked her for some happy news
But she just smiled and turned away
I went down to the sacred store
Where I'd heard the music years before
But the man there said the music wouldn't play

And in the streets, the children screamed
The lovers cried and the poets dreamed
But not a word was spoken
The church bells all were broken

And the three men I admire most
The Father, Son and the Holy Ghost
They caught the last train for the coast
The day the music died

And they were singin' bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry
And them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
Singin' "This'll be the day that I die
This'll be the day that I die"

[Chorus]
They were singin' bye-bye, Miss American Pie
Drove my Chevy to the levee, but the levee was dry
Them good old boys were drinkin' whiskey and rye
And singin' "This'll be the day that I die"

Source: http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/donmclean/americanpie.html